Small Business Essays - Business Models, Entrepreneurship

Small Business Small business: In our definition we consider that business as a small business, which are registered with Government agencies and requires initial capital of 500,000?25,00,000. The turnover for a small business ranges from 25,00,000?50,00,000 and number of employees' ranges from 5?50 depending upon the nature of business. Examples of small business in Pakistan: 1. Nagori milk shop 2. Time medico 3. Almas dish washing powder 4. Allahabad stores 5. Kaybees Entrepreneur: An entrepreneur is someone who recognizes his opportunities. He raises the capital and other

Journal Entry 4 Example

Journal Entry 4 Example Journal Entry 4 – Coursework Example Journal Entry 4 al affiliation Learning is a continuous process involving the exposure of learners to new concepts using the available teaching aids. The quality of learning is often reflected in the learners’ ability to conceptualize and deliver knowledge gained from learning. Selective choice of teaching materials enhances the effectiveness of learning. A well-designed curriculum prescribes the best type of teaching materials which have an overriding effect on the performance of learners. The genre and text structure used in reference books, for instance, determines the ability of learners to comprehend the context of the literature therein (Lipson however, is determined by the nature of transition between learning materials (Lipson thus subjecting them to a similar curriculum is imperatively detrimental. Learners ought to be subjected to different curricula to encourage reading and writing. The curriculum prescribes the relevant teaching materials that are appropriate for learners at different stages of learning and with different learning abilities.ReferencesLipson, M., & Wixson, K.K. (2013). Assessment of Reading and Writing Difficulties: An Interactive Approach, 5thEdition. Boston, MA: Pearson Education.

Biology of STDs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Biology of STDs - Essay Example Let us first examine an STD that remains a frightening epidemic and is usually a slow death sentence: "It is estimated that 14 million people worldwide are infected with HIV, and there were 2.5 million documented AIDS cases in early 1993" (Nye 1). "HIV attacks the type of lymphocyte known as helper T cells." (Mader 908) HIV (human immuno deficiency syndrome) is a member of the retrovirus family. It is called a retrovirus because it is in a class of viruses which literally imbed themselves into host DNA. It is important to note that any virus that alters DNA can also cause cancer. The altering of host DNA is done when the viral RNA undergoes a process which is almost inverse to DNA and RNA transcription in normal cell division. This reverse process works when an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes is used by the viral RNA to produce a DNA strand. It is this strand that ultimately becomes part of host DNA. When that host DNA is then transcribed into viral proteins from mRNA , the virus essentially is then a part of the host DNA. Once this takes place, the virus begins affecting the host's immune system. The HIV virus binds to markers on immune system cells called CD4 markers. Once an individual is infected with HIV, their immune system is progressively annihilated by the virus. The paradox of HIV is that while the immune system cells effectively destroy virus particles, the virus continues to reproduce itself such that more viral particles are produced. In addition, the immune system continues to destroy cells infected by the virus but more cells are then produced as replacements. This continues until the patient does not regenerate as many immune system cells such as T cells. Eventually, the patient becomes infected with something as simple as the common cold or flu and does not have the immune system capabilities to fight it off. This often results in death. There are in fact three stages to AIDS. They are referred to as categories A-C. From the time of infection through year 1 is represented as category A. This is a time of little to no symptoms, but the spreading the disease through sexual activity to others is likely. Category B is characterized by flu like symptoms, swollen lymph nodes and herpes-like outbreaks. This period lasts about 8 years. It is during category C that patients are considered to have "full blown AIDS" and typically fall victim to infections that become lethal. There are new drugs on the market that AIDS patients can take to prolong their life span to some degree. Not all sexually transmitted diseases are as aggressive and life threatening as HIV and AIDS but can still cause irreparable damage to the patient. An example of this is Herpes. This virus remains in the body indefinitely. There are two types of Herpes. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Herpes Simplex Virus 2. The fist kind of herpes is usually responsible for cold sores while the type 2 form causes genital lesions or genital herpes. Type 2 herpes is more sever and also less common. Type one herpes is spread through mucous membranes when infected partners engage in oral sex. The herpes virus usually takes between 4 and 10 days to incubate. In occurrences of breakouts, lesions form which fill with fluid. This fluid's content is cells which have been infected with the virus as well as inflammatory cells. The fluid

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 88

Case Study Example The project will further result in the region’s infrastructure develop as well as increase trading activities. According to the theory of utilitarianism, an act should be classified as immoral only if its consequences are so severe that people would wish the agent of that action obliged to act otherwise (Hinman 142). Despite its effects on the environment, the positive consequences of this project outweigh the negative consequences mainly due to its economic significance to the region. In addition to the above macro issues, several micro issues too should also be considered. Investing in this project involves both money and time and getting returns from these two investments will be significant to personal happiness, according to the theory of eudemonia, which states that the ultimate goal of human life is happiness and good life. This goal can be achieved by practicing virtues in one’s daily life and is defined as a quality that allows a person to succeed at an idea (Hinman 145). In this sense, the investment is recommended as long as it promises personal happiness. The investment should therefore be implemented as both theories support

Human Resources- Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Resources- Benefits - Essay Example Another benefit issue includes decreasing annual bonuses, cutting off maternity leave from 12 months to six months and making short the vacation time. In this plan, â€Å"the firm lends the employee funds to purchase the stock at fair market value â€Å"(Bhagat 1984 pg 197). The purpose of the plan is to offer eligible employees a chance to become shareholders in the company. It is assumed that employee participation in the ownership of the business will lead to common benefits for both the employees and the company. The company grants stock-based compensation to directors as well as employees. They issue new shares of Microsoft common stock to assure exercises of awards approved under all stock plans. They also have an employee stock purchase plan for all eligible employees. Shares of common stock will be purchased by employees at intervals of â€Å"90% of the fair market value† (Intricon Corporation 2011 pg 2) on the last day of each period. Employees might acquire shares having a value not exceeding 15% of their gross compensation during a proposed period.  But the company has announced it will reduce the discount employees that are to be given when they buy Microsoft stock. These benefit changes were made in order to decrease their operating costs and also increase the long-term value of the company. The employees will be able to acquire Microsoft stock at a 10 percent discount through Microsoft's Employee Stock Purchase Plan, compared with the current 15 percent discount. They will also be able to acquire stock through the plan each quarter, rather than twice a year. Microsoft needs to increase the stock purchase benefit plans as they facilitate the recruitment & retention of talented staff, promote an industrial environment and also offer a device for the arrangement of interests between employers and employees. For the growth of successful companies, these plans are likely to construct sustainable wealth for employees and their communities. Em ployee stock purchase plans will improve the employee productivity. Part 3: Literature Review Benefits play a significant function for an employer. The employees will work hard to make sure that their benefits replicate the varying needs and wants of the people and that is why most of the companies offer many industry-leading benefits to their employees who help in accomplishing the objectives of the organization. Employee benefits comprise of â€Å"all benefits and services, other than wages for time worked, that are provided to employees in whole or in part by their employers† (Beam & McFadden 2001 pg 4). Examples include medical insurance, paid vacation etc. There are various benefits provided by the US government to the employees such as medical protection, retired income etc. These benefits may be long term or short term, financial or non-financial, free of cost or available at concessional rates. They may include educational, residential, medical or recreational facilit ies. Such facilities maybe offered individually or in a group and within or outside the organization. Therefore, the employee benefits are reassurance along with the facilities provided which allows them to operate in a nourishing and passive environment. Most employers reimburse employees with some blend of cash plus benefits such as health assurance. An employer may decide to include benefits in the company’

Ethical Standards For Human Services Professionals

Ethical Standards For Human Services Professionals Human services are developed in anticipation and response of human needs. The profession is characterized by positive reception of human needs taking into account all of their diversity. In context of community and environment, Human services professionals offer assistance to their clients and serve their particular needs. Need of ethics in human services profession is of substantial importance (Sinclair et al., 1987). Ethics are guidelines which represents set of standards of conduct that is considered ethical by professionals and educators. Ethics although not legal document but help to assist in settlement of problems and issues related to ethical issues in human services profession. A brief overview of Ethical Standards for human services professionals: Human service professionals are key players in Human services sector. In this highly customized profession, human service professional interacts frequently with families, individuals and groups etc, all these are their clients. Human services professionals are case managers, they are caregiver, teacher, doctor, consultant, lawyer, and psychologists etc. in the following section, some ethical standards are defined for human services professionals. My ethical statement: As a ethical human services professional, I will endeaver to meet or exceed the statement below in day to day practices of my professional life. My code of ethics as a Human service professional: As a Human service professional I would like to talk with the clients the goals, purpose, and nature of helping relationship before onset of relationship and also inform the clients about limitations of relationship. In my opinion, clients should be treated with respect, dignity and trust. As a Human service professional I will take care for protection of customer rights and confidentiality. Except some special cases, when this confidentiality can be harmful for customer. As Human services professional I will try to take integrity, security and safety of client records. I would like to have prior written consent by customer when there is need to share client information with other professionals. As a Human services professional, I will try protect the self-determination right of clients. I would like to be well aware of legal, federal, local and state laws related to human services. I will keep myself informed about current social issues that can affect community and clients. I will act as advocates that help to address the unmet needs of society and individuals. As a Human service professional I would like take it as my responsibility to disclose my qualifications accurately. As a Human service professional, I will work with the aim of helping people and for accomplishment of goals of human service organizations. My basic goal in human services will be to help people in living more satisfied life, more productive and autonomous life, by utilizing the resources and knowledge of society and technological innovation. These ethics are core values of human services professionals: Above mentioned set of ethical practices serves as set of core values of ethics in human services profession, every professional who selects human service as profession must have strong passion to serve society and individuals. As this profession is all about humans, the main concern of this profession is providing individuals solution of their personal and social problems. When dealing with and serving humans, ethics become more important (Sinclair et al., 1987). A human services professional can deliver its services in better way if he is well aware of importance of ethics in his profession. Code of ethics in human services profession helps to promote trust, confidentiality, recognition and negotiation of clients right of self-determination and informed consent. Healthcare professionals and other people involved in human services process should respect right of privacy of their clients. In human service, clients are sharing their very confidential information and problems with professionals, because they want from professionals to solve their problems. It becomes ultimate responsibility of these professionals to develop the relationship of trust and integrity with clients and keep their information confidential, and do not share it with others regardless some exceptional situations when need to discuss it with their team or other professional in order to solve out the problem of their client. Even in this case, information should not be shar ed without written consent of client. Evaluation To make the individual a productive part of society, is also an ultimate goals of human services professionals. Sometimes, clients dont know the real issue he/she is facing, this may be a psychological or health related issue, in this situation, human services professionals first find the real cause and then goes for its solution. Each state and country has some legal framework and laws for society, these laws are made for members of society which are human beings, so the awareness and knowledge of local and federal laws of state or country is critical for human service professionals as their profession is all about humans. The professionals need to be ethical ideals, while respecting for all cultures, beliefs and relationships (Seitz, ONeill, 1996). Ethical standards for human service workers require passion and dedication by professionals and workers as well. Integrity, following the laws, compliance with policies and rules, maintaining the client records and case files etc. all include professional ethics requirements. Apart from their direct service to clients, human service professionals also have responsibility to protest against social injustice and community empowerment. If the code of ethics is not employed and practiced in human services profession, it will bring destruction to society. There will be no relation of trust and integrity can be developed among professionals and society. People will feel reluctant to share their problems with their consultants as they will have no surety that their information will be kept confidential. As a result, society will suffer at large as people will live lives full of problems and worries because human services works with aim of better lives of their clients and to make all the members of society productive and active part of society (Seitz ONeill, 1996). Without ethical practices and commitment of professionals to follow these practices, mission of human services cannot be achieved. Admitting the importance on ethical practices, every human services organization has code of ethics all members are encouraged to follow. So if we develop and practice our personal code of ethics to excel in our profession, it w ill be a good strategy to follow that will pave the way for success in future.

Work Related stress Essays -- essays research papers

Fifty percent of workers have suffered some form of stress at work in a 12-month period. The statistics in healthcare professions were even higher. Stress in the workplace is becoming a major concern for employers, managers and government agencies, meaning the Occupational Health and Safety legislations are requiring employers to practice a ‘duty of care’ by providing employees with safe working environments which also cover the psychological well-being of their staff. One of the costs, for employers, of work place stress is absenteeism. Other negative effects are reductions in productivity, reduced profits, accidents, high rates of sickness, increased workers’ comp. claims and high staff turnover, requiring recruiting and training of replacement staff. Now of course it is natural to have a certain amount of stress, this is needed to motivate people into action, but prolonged stress can have a huge impact on overall health which actually causes one to be in distress. Most people don’t realize it but over two- thirds of doctors visits are probably due to stress-related illnesses. Stress has been linked to headaches especially migraines, backaches, insomnia, cramps, elevated blood pressure, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia and lowered resistance to infection. For women, stress is a key factor in hormonal imbalances resulting in menstrual irregularities, PMS, fibroids, endometriosis and fertility problems. Stress can also be a factor in the development of almost all state...

Problems of Cultural Development in Kazakhstan Could Be Solved

Problems of cultural development in Kazakhstan could be solved Outline Title: Problems of cultural development in Kazakhstan could be solved IIntroduction Thesis statement: Due to decline of the cultural development in Kazakhstan the government and the society should take definite and urgent measures to improve the situation. II Background of the Problem A. History 1. Legacy of ancestors 2. Some achievements of Kazakhstan III The first possible solution is to raise the intellectual development. A. Advantages: 1. Young people’s background knowledge 2.Educating achievements in domestic and world culture 3. Receiving modern educational equipment. B. Disadvantages: 1. Financial difficulties 2. Organizational problems IV The second possible solution is to increase cultural valuables and saving cultural heritage for future generations. A. Advantages: 1. Discovering new talents 2. Support from government B. Disadvantages: 1. Cost 2. Commercialization V The third possible solution is to creating conditions for receiving general and special education. A. Advantages 1. More possibilities 2. More educated children B. Disadvantages 1. Costly 2.Time VI Conclusion-Recommendation Even though the government has to invest money in educational process, the last solution is the best because it has the advantages of the other alternatives without major disadvantages. Therefore, I recommend that the Kazakh society should keep in mind that the important strategic objective is to preserve the traditions of the Kazakh culture for future generations and increasing the cultural values of the city. In the meantime, I suggest the government immediately take the measures by supporting the society and creating new opportunities to develop the ulture of Kazakhstan. By being responsive to the citizens, government in essence would try to unite with them for the success of their purpose to raise the cultural development of the country. The total well being and lifestyle potential of pop ulation in many cases determined by stage to train and learning and social stage of people, their background knowledge and perspective growth, and by available opportunity to receive and use required information. These factors determine whether city community is involved in local, national and international process of civil growth.Ways to train and learning, ethical concepts and useful accessibility are the main features of religious and possible development. Thus, development of viewpoint system to train and learning, social and useful growth are the most important in growth of country. Due to decline of the cultural development in Kazakhstan the government and the society should take definite and urgent measures to improve the situation. â€Å"One of the main success of the period of freedom is rebirth and further growth of the Kazakh lifestyle and the societies and customs of social categories existing in Kazakhstan.The growth of the Kazakh lifestyle promote socio-cultural and e thical regrowth of community as a whole, as well as growth of social categories located in Kazakhstan, the building up of worldwide interaction. In the years of freedom have created a multitude of cultural and social facilities, art groups.. †(Kornilov,2011). Exclusive lifestyle and unique spirit of understanding and information of life which were provided to us as a heritage of this wide area of Kazakhstan by our ancestors. This sense of independence and valor of the steppe was not lost on different periods of history, it andled to keep by the past generation, who have been through tragic obstacles. And hundreds of years of desires and ambitions of our forefathers came real. Kazakh community believes that, Kazakhstan becoming a birthplace of many projects in the area of lifestyle and artistry. â€Å"For example, learners of Almaty Choreographic University confirmed their abilities in the United States and Switzerland, the Korean National Music and Drama Theatre took part in an worldwide ethnic event in the Republic of Korea, and numerous activities were organized in other countries, devoted to the performs ofAbai. †(Kornilov,2011). Although â€Å"Kazakhstan finalized the contracts on cooperation in the area of lifestyle from 49 nations of the near and far overseas. †(Kornilov, 2011). However, Kazakhstan has many issues to fix, especially worried social growth. Despite that fact that while preserving kazakh heritage, Republic of Kazakhstan shows keeping with the speed of contemporary high culture and to kazakh art employees praised most of all judges all over the world, the present younger people only just taking the first actions to achieve success praising their native country in the future.The first possible solution is to raise the intellectual development by advertising the books, articles, journals etc. , if to be exact-to make them fashionable. The main way of upbringing the population, particularly children, adolescents and young pe ople, striving for intellectual development is the formation of a unified and accessible to every citizen of the educational space of the city, providing technological, logistical and financial resources, promoting libraries and book stores creating conditions for the citizens of modern education in accordance with their needs. The greatest advantage of his solution is that young people’s background knowledge may become improved and wide because of new technologies and free access area created.Another advantage of raising the intellectual development is mastering achievements in domestic and world culture. By this, I mean that citizens of Kazakhstan seem to pay more attention on what have been reached on cultural level, especially domestic. The last advantage of this solution is that young people of Republic of Kazakhstan could receive modern educational equipment like hi-tech libraries, free access internet resources etc. These ducational tools are likely to help young gener ation achieve more success in their studies. The greatest disadvantage of the first solution would be financial difficulties that government or Kazakh society could ever face. Another disadvantage have occurred because of the difficulties of the organizational process, to be exact, the establishing the cultural events and hiring workforce. One of the suggested solutions is to increase cultural valuables and saving cultural heritage for future generations. For example, observe the monuments and memorials, decrease the price of tickets for theatre and museum visiting.All these method should definitely help with governmental support. Reducing the level of culture, dangerous in itself, because it creates spiritual lack and causes the loss of completeness and quality of life, it is unacceptable for the transition to sustainable development, since it violates the principles. Therefore, an important strategic objective is to preserve the traditions of Kazakh culture for future generations and increasing the cultural values of the city. One of the main advantages of the solution is discovering new talents. There are many ways to ind talented people like annual competitions among school children and youth on the best research on the cultural history of the city, systematically lead the campaign to restore the historic, cultural and moral traditions in Kazakhstan, establish a fund supporting young talents. Moreover, there is definitely should be governmental support which may lead to better comprehension between society and administration.However, there are still disadvantages are included unfortunately, one of them is cost because the cultural heritage has to be protected and saved, and there simply should be finances to rovide the expenses. Another disadvantage is that intrusion into the cultural market economy has led to a noticeable decrease in the quality of commercialization and cultural life, in which the rule passed to popular culture. Free profit in culture dr amatically reduced intellectual and moral standards of its mass perception, put the property in line with consumer goods are. There was a dominance of low-grade and low-grade commercial foreign films on television advocating violence, corruption, lack of spirituality, the book market appeared dubious literature, from the repertoire of theaters as washed out and a real classic domestic drama, in art the main place was kitsch.Thus, the culture fully experienced the negative effects of the economic crisis, social and political instability, activation of destructive forces in society. Finally, the third possible solution is to creating conditions for receiving general and special education. Young people and the city's population as a whole has recognized the importance of education for progress and success in life. Young generation desire to find a prestigious profession, noted the desire to develop their personality, to find ositions in society, to gain the respect of folks. The greate st advantage of this solution is that not only in Kazakhstan, but mostly in all countries, general and special education happen to be very beneficial, because those people who have received general and special education become more or less educated, they have fundamental knowledge. Another advantage is that children likely to be more educated because of new educational environment and new interests in study that adolescents would be excited.The greatest disadvantage would be still the financial part, because for each sphere of ducation should be allocated some amount of money for providing better educational system. But allocation of money still cannot be done appropriately because of many factors such as corruption, negligence etc. Also, the creating of new conditions for receiving general and special education would may take some time because creating includes innovations in educational system, new buildings, more equipment and so on. According to John Heywood (n. d. ) â€Å"Rome wasn’t build in a day†. Although the increasing the cultural valuables and saving the cultural heritage would be he most convenient, the solution of creating conditions for receiving general and special education is the most feasible. Even though the government has to invest money in educational process, the last solution is the best because it has the advantages of the other alternatives without major disadvantages.Therefore, I recommend that the Kazakh society should keep in mind that the important strategic objective is to preserve the traditions of the Kazakh culture for future generations and increasing the cultural values of the city. In the meantime, I uggest the government immediately take the measures by supporting the society and creating new opportunities to develop the culture of Kazakhstan. By being responsive to the citizens, government in essence would try to unite with them for the success of their purpose to raise the cultural development of the count ry.Reference list: Kornilov I. (2011) â€Å"Developing the culture of the modern Kazakhstan† Retrieved November 6, 2012 from http:// kv. ucoz. kz Heywood J. (n. d. ) â€Å"Rome wasn’t built in a day† Retrieved November 8, 2012 from http://www. quotationspage. com

Biography of Justinian I, Emperor of Byzantine

Biography of Justinian I, Emperor of Byzantine Justinian, or  Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus, was arguably the most important ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire. Considered by some scholars to be  the last great Roman emperor and the first great Byzantine emperor, Justinian fought to reclaim Roman territory and left a lasting impact on architecture and law. His relationship with his wife, Empress Theodora, would play an essential role in the course of his reign. Justinians Early Years Justinian, whose given name was Petrus Sabbatius, was born in 483 C.E. to peasants in the Roman province of Illyria. He may have still been in his teens when he came to Constantinople. There, under the sponsorship of his mothers brother, Justin, Petrus acquired a superior education. However, thanks to his Latin background, he always spoke Greek with a notable accent. At this time, Justin was a highly-ranked military commander, and Petrus was his favorite nephew. The younger man climbed the social ladder with a hand up from the older, and he held several important offices. In time, the childless Justin officially adopted Petrus, who took the name Justinianus in his honor. In 518, Justin became Emperor. Three years later, Justinian became a consul. Justinian and Theodora Sometime before the year 523, Justinian met the actress Theodora. If The Secret History by Procopius is to be believed, Theodora was a courtesan as well as an actress, and her public performances bordered on the pornographic. Later authors defended Theodora, claiming that she had undergone a religious awakening and that she found ordinary work as a wool spinner to support herself honestly. No one knows precisely how Justinian met Theodora, but he appears to have fallen hard for her. She was not only beautiful, but she was also shrewd and able to appeal to Justinian on an intellectual level. She was also known for her passionate interest in religion; she had become a Monophysite, and Justinian may have taken a measure of tolerance from her plight. They also shared humble beginnings and were somewhat apart from Byzantine nobility. Justinian made Theodora a patrician, and in 525 - the same year that he received the title of Caesar - he made her his wife. Throughout his life, Justinian would rely on Theodora for support, inspiration, and guidance. Rising to the Purple Justinian owed much to his uncle, but Justin was well-repaid by his nephew. He had made his way to the throne through his skill, and he had governed through his strengths; but through much of his reign, Justin enjoyed the advice and allegiance of Justinian. This was especially true as the emperors reign drew to a close. In April of 527, Justinian was crowned co-emperor. At this time, Theodora was crowned Augusta. The two men would share the title for only four months before Justin passed away in August of that same year. Emperor Justinian Justinian was an idealist and a man of great ambition. He believed he could restore the empire to its former glory, both in terms of the territory it encompassed and the achievements made under its aegis. He wanted to reform the government, which had long suffered from corruption, and clear up the legal system, which was heavy with centuries of legislation and outmoded laws. He had great concern for religious righteousness and wanted persecutions against heretics and orthodox Christians alike to end. Justinian also appears to have had a sincere desire to improve the lot of all citizens of the empire. When his reign as sole emperor began, Justinian had many different issues to deal with, all in the space of a few years. Justinians Early Reign One of the very first things Justinian attended to was a reorganization of Roman, now Byzantine, Law. He appointed a commission to begin the first book of what was to be a remarkably extensive and thorough legal code. It would come to be known as the Codex Justinianus  (the  Code of Justinian).  Although the Codex would contain new laws, it was primarily a compilation and clarification of centuries of existing law, and it would become one of the most influential sources in western legal history.   Justinian then set about instituting governmental reforms. The officials he appointed were at times too enthusiastic in rooting out long-entrenched corruption, and the well-connected targets of their reform did not go easily. Riots began to break out, culminating in the most famous Nika Revolt of 532. But thanks to the efforts of Justinians able general Belisarius, the riot was ultimately put down; and thanks to the support of Empress Theodora, Justinian showed the kind of backbone that helped solidify his reputation as a courageous leader. Though he may not have been loved, he was respected. After the revolt, Justinian took the opportunity to conduct a massive construction project that would add to his prestige and make Constantinople an impressive city for centuries to come. This included the rebuilding of the marvelous cathedral, the Hagia Sophia. The building program was not restricted to the capital city, but extended throughout the empire, and included the construction of aqueducts and bridges, orphanages and hostels, monasteries and churches; and it encompassed the restoration of entire towns destroyed by earthquakes (an unfortunately all-too-frequent occurrence). In 542, the empire was struck by a devastating epidemic that would later be known as Justinians Plague or the Sixth-Century Plague. According to Procopius, the emperor himself succumbed to the disease, but fortunately, he recovered. Justinians Foreign Policy When his reign began, Justinians troops were fighting Persian forces along the Euphrates. Although the considerable success of his generals (Belisarius in particular) would allow the Byzantines to conclude equitable and peaceful agreements, war with the Persians would flare up repeatedly through most of Justinians reign. In 533, the intermittent mistreatment of Catholics by the Arian Vandals in Africa came to a disturbing head when the Catholic king of the Vandals, Hilderic, was thrown into prison by his Arian cousin, who took his throne. This gave Justinian an excuse to attack the Vandal kingdom in North Africa, and once again his general Belisarius served him well. When the Byzantines were through with them, the Vandals no longer posed a serious threat, and North Africa became part of the Byzantine Empire. It was Justinians view that the western empire had been lost through indolence, and he believed it his duty to re-acquire territory in Italy - especially Rome - as well as other lands that had once been part of the Roman Empire. The Italian campaign lasted well over a decade, and thanks to Belisarius and Narses, the peninsula ultimately came under Byzantine control - but at a terrible cost. Most of Italy was devastated by the wars, and a few short years after Justinians death, invading Lombards were able to capture large portions of the Italian peninsula. Justinians forces were far less successful in the Balkans. There, bands of Barbarians continually raided Byzantine territory, and though occasionally repulsed by imperial troops, ultimately, Slavs and Bulgars invaded and settled within the borders of the Eastern Roman Empire. Justinian and the Church Emperors of Eastern Rome usually took a direct interest in ecclesiastical matters and often played a significant role in the direction of the Church. Justinian saw his responsibilities as emperor in this vein. He forbade pagans and heretics from teaching, and he closed the famous Academy for being pagan and not, as was often charged, as an act against classical learning and philosophy.   Though an adherent to Orthodoxy himself, Justinian recognized that much of Egypt and Syria followed the Monophysite form of Christianity, which had been branded a heresy. Theodoras support of the Monophysites undoubtedly influenced him, at least in part, to attempt to strike a compromise. His efforts did not go well. He tried to force western bishops to work with the Monophysites and even held Pope Vigilius in Constantinople for a time. The result was a break with the papacy that lasted until 610 C.E.   Justinians Later Years After the death of Theodora in 548, Justinian showed a marked decline in activity and appeared to withdraw from public matters. He became deeply concerned with theological issues, and at one point even went so far as to take a heretical stand, issuing in 564 an edict declaring that the physical body of Christ was incorruptible and that it only appeared to suffer. This was immediately met with protests and refusals to follow the edict, but the issue was resolved when Justinian died suddenly on the night of November 14/15, 565. His nephew, Justin II succeeded Justinian.   The Legacy of Justinian For nearly 40 years, Justinian guided a burgeoning, dynamic civilization through some of its most turbulent times. Although much of the territory acquired during his reign was lost after his death, the infrastructure he succeeded in creating through his building program would remain. And while both his foreign expansion endeavors and his domestic construction project would leave the empire in financial difficulty, his successor would remedy that without too much trouble. Justinians reorganization of the administrative system would last some time, and his contribution to legal history would be even more far-reaching.   After his death, and after the death of the writer Procopius (a highly respected source for Byzantine history), a scandalous exposà © was published known to us as The Secret History. Detailing an imperial court rife with corruption and depravity, the work - which most scholars believe was indeed written by Procopius, as it was claimed - attacks both Justinian and Theodora as greedy, debauched and unscrupulous. While most scholars acknowledge the authorship of Procopius, the content of The Secret History remains controversial; and over the centuries, while it tarred the reputation of Theodora pretty badly, it has largely failed to reduce the stature of Emperor Justinian. He remains one of the most impressive and important emperors in Byzantine history.

Free Essays on Brazil Education

In â€Å"Education: Way Behind but Trying to Catch Up†, Claudio de Moura Castro discusses the state of education in Brazil. While Brazilian basic education has been quite poor in the past, steps are being taken to correct this source of embarrassment. There is something extremely perplexing about Brazilian education, and that is its impact on the country’s economy. While the country had an illiteracy rate of 31% among its elderly population, Brazil’s economy grew in absolute terms more quickly than either Japan or Korea until 1980. After 1980, economic growth began to falter somewhat. It became very apparent that the country would need more educated workers in order to compete on a global scale. There have been significant efforts made to increase the literacy rate among children. While there are fewer children who are classically illiterate, there is still a problem with basic education. Children simply do not have the knowledge base that most literate children in other industrialized nations have. The quality of instruction in primary schools is so inadequate that 18.4% of children repeat grades with 44% repeating the first grade. Because so many children have to repeat grades, it takes an average of 11.2 years to complete primary school. Reasons cited for the poor quality of education are the rapid rise in enrollment that exhausted reserves allotted to basic education, and the lack of priority placed on education. Secondary education has had even less attention due to the fact that there have been so few students graduating from primary schools. In 1994, only 52% of students were enrolled in secondary education. However, there has been an 85% increase in secondary education in enrollment between 1991 and 1998. This is due to the increasing need for a high school education within the job market. 55% of these students have jobs and go to school in the evenings. These rapid increases in enrollment will put more pressu... Free Essays on Brazil Education Free Essays on Brazil Education In â€Å"Education: Way Behind but Trying to Catch Up†, Claudio de Moura Castro discusses the state of education in Brazil. While Brazilian basic education has been quite poor in the past, steps are being taken to correct this source of embarrassment. There is something extremely perplexing about Brazilian education, and that is its impact on the country’s economy. While the country had an illiteracy rate of 31% among its elderly population, Brazil’s economy grew in absolute terms more quickly than either Japan or Korea until 1980. After 1980, economic growth began to falter somewhat. It became very apparent that the country would need more educated workers in order to compete on a global scale. There have been significant efforts made to increase the literacy rate among children. While there are fewer children who are classically illiterate, there is still a problem with basic education. Children simply do not have the knowledge base that most literate children in other industrialized nations have. The quality of instruction in primary schools is so inadequate that 18.4% of children repeat grades with 44% repeating the first grade. Because so many children have to repeat grades, it takes an average of 11.2 years to complete primary school. Reasons cited for the poor quality of education are the rapid rise in enrollment that exhausted reserves allotted to basic education, and the lack of priority placed on education. Secondary education has had even less attention due to the fact that there have been so few students graduating from primary schools. In 1994, only 52% of students were enrolled in secondary education. However, there has been an 85% increase in secondary education in enrollment between 1991 and 1998. This is due to the increasing need for a high school education within the job market. 55% of these students have jobs and go to school in the evenings. These rapid increases in enrollment will put more pressu...

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Assignment Example One of the main technological advancements that completely transformed the business world is the invention of the Social Media Networks such as Facebook, Skype and Twitter. Technology enables people to network easily, chat and meet friends over the internet. In addition, businesses take advantage of this platform provided by social media networks to advertise their products and services, i.e. through e marketing and e-commerce. Social media networks have millions of people converging on their sites at the same time. Businesses are looking for these customers. Therefore, it is mandatory for every business to have a presence in social media in order to keep adrift with business trends and transformation (Hair, Lamb and McDaniel 14). On the other hand, social media networks also brought about significant transformation in the social-cultural arena whereby it transformed how people interacted. Through social media networks, it is possible for people to meet and make friends with other fr om parts of the globe. Furthermore, social media sites also enable people to participate in online conversations, voice their opinions about certain issues, as well as contribute to both educational and motivational blogs. As such, social communication greatly advanced through social media networks. This greatly improved interpersonal skills and modes of communication across the globe. The world has become a more social place thanks to social media, and social media networks enabled people to marshal support and fight champion for a common course, e.g. social media sites was very fundamental in organizing the Arab Uprising in Egypt in 2011 (Hair, Lamb and McDaniel 14). A recent study by a consumer health organization, Families USA, reported that pharmaceutical drug companies spend over $57 billion per year on promotion. Direct-to-physician activities accounted for the bulk of spending, on a practice called, â€Å"detailing†Ã¢â‚¬â€visits to physicians by pharmaceutical sales representatives in order to promote their firm’s drugs. Free drug samples distributed during these visit represent another significant expense. It is estimated that in total pharmaceutical companies spend over $61,000 in â€Å"promotion per physician†. The other major piece of the marketing ‘pie’ is spent on consumer-direct marketing—ads that suggest consumers ‘ask the doctor† about drugs we may not even need for ailments we may not even have. The report also states that each of the top 10 pharmaceutical companies spend more than twice as much on marketing on research and development. The market for prescription drugs is unique in many ways. Prescription drug marketers must convince a third party-- a physician-- to prescribe their product to the ultimate consumer, the patient. The decider is the physician, and drug manufacturers' promotional efforts traditionally have been directed toward physicians. Furthermore, drug firms increasingly have to influence committees in hospitals and health management organizations who are determining which drugs their physicians can prescribe. (15) (About 250-300 words) If prescription drugs can only be ordered by a physician, what is the purpose of marketing directly

The notion that Internally Displaced Persons are forced migrants Essay

The notion that Internally Displaced Persons are forced migrants denied rights to claim asylum - Essay Example The category we are interested with is the people who have been exiled within their own country. Moving on further one more that is to be known is why such migration do takes place. This can be divided into three broad classes. The first of it being the most common and easily viewed reasons keeping in view the present situations. People are forced to leave their shelter and peaceful life when their own state and government fails to provide adequate security to their people. Ibrahim, M. (2005) As a result the populace is left with no reasons to but leave their country unwillingly. Second, comes the cause when people are made to leave their homes for the so- called development the state undertakes, in many cases the people are initially promised to be given a place, a shelter but it turns out to be false. It generally incorporates in it the infrastructural improvement like dams, roads, canals, infrastructure expansion, and urban extension and so on. Finally, we have the persons who hav e been left homeless due to the uncalled natural disasters like floods, cyclones, torrential rainfalls, deadly hailstorms and the list may go on. In the recent the frequency of these calamities have led it to become one of the most prominent reason for the internally displaced people or what we may on a general base term as forced expatriates. Moreover, now we take up internally displaced people as to how they come up in this category. It is one of the most misunderstood categories. It is generally confused with refugees although both of them have and entirely different concept. Therefore we first we should have a proper idea as to what refugees are and what makes them different than the persons who are displaced within their own country. Refugees have been ensured protection with the help of different treaties, laws and conventions which also guarantees the refugees or foreign expatriates rights in any part of the world. As the UN has elaborated, refugee is term which would be give n to those entire people who are made to leave their homes and go beyond their country’s borders i.e. they move out of the place of their birth or nationality and settle in some foreign lands. Indra, D. (ed) (1999). The refugees have been recognized since the olden times, they are product of wars or foreign domination over a place. Since 1984 there has been great development so that plea of refugees can be heard and their needs can be looked after. We have many governmental and independent bodies working for refugees. On the other hand, when it comes to the IDP’s we see that they are hardly looked after. Koser K. (2007). They are not given proper rights nor are they looked after by their own state. Currently, there are present fifty-two countries, which have been inflicted by this problem. Amongst all these countries Africa tops the list with the most internally displaced people due to the ethnic and religious violence which has been ongoing for quite long. We do not h ave many organizations that are there to help these people who are made to leave their own homes and have to move some other part of the country but they are not treated in the way they should be as the citizens of the country. We have an acronym for them which DPRE’s a term used to refer such people by the governmental and military organizations. Cohen, R (2006). This is an increasing problem but has not been given much importance however, in the nineties